Reptiles are animals in the (Linnaean Linnaean taxonomy is a term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based scientific classification, This term is especially used as opposed to other ways of categorizing organisms, like cladistics and phenetics. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented) class Reptilia. They are characterized by breathing air, laying tough-shelled amniotic eggs The amniotes are a group of tetrapod vertebrates that have a terrestrially adapted egg. They currently include mammals (synapsids), and sauropsids (reptiles and birds), as well as their fossil ancestors. Amniote embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female, are protected and aided by several extensive membranes. In eutherian mammals (, and having skin covered in scales In most biological nomenclature, a scale is a small rigid plate that grows out of an animal's skin to provide protection. In lepidopteran (butterfly and moth) species, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing, and provide coloration. Scales are quite common and have evolved multiple times with varying structure and function and/or scutes A scute or scutum is a bony external plate or scale, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, or the feet of some birds. Reptiles are classically viewed as having a "cold-blooded Cold-blooded is a loose layman's term often used to refer to animals that do not use their metabolism to maintain body temperature. It is typically associated with at least one of three different thermophysiological characteristics:" metabolism. They are tetrapods Tetrapods are vertebrate animals having four limbs. Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all tetrapods, and even the limbless snakes are tetrapods by descent. The earliest tetrapods radiated from the Sarcopterygii, or lobe-finned fish (either having four limbs or being descended from four-limbed ancestors). Modern reptiles inhabit every continent A continent is one of several large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, with seven regions commonly regarded as continents – they are : Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia with the exception of Antarctica Antarctica (pronounced /ænˈtɑrktɪkə/ ) is Earth's southernmost continent, underlying the South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the southern hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after, and four living orders The Latin suffix -formes meaning "having the form of" is used for the scientific name of orders of birds and fishes, but not for those of mammals and invertebrates are currently recognized:

The majority of reptile species are oviparous In most birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and two types of mammals an egg (Latin, ovum) is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. To enable incubation the egg is usually kept within a favourable temperature range as it nourishes and protects the growing embryo. When the embryo is adequately developed it breaks out of the egg in the (egg-laying), although certain species of squamates are capable of giving live birth. This is achieved by either ovoviviparity Ovoviviparity, ovovivipary, or ovivipary, is a mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch. Ovoviviparous animals are similar to viviparous species in that there is internal fertilization and the young are born live, but differ in that there is no (egg retention) or viviparity Vivipary has two different meanings. In animals, it means reproduction inside the body of the mother; that is, live birth . In plants, it means reproduction via embryos, such as spores or buds, that develop from the outset without interruption (as opposed to germinating externally from a seed) (birth of offspring without the development of calcified Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, eggs). Many of the viviparous species feed their fetuses A fetus Pronounced Fee-tus is a developing mammal or other viviparous vertebrate after the embryonic stage and before birth through various forms of placenta The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. Placentas are a defining characteristic of eutherian or "placental" mammals, but are also found in some snakes and lizards with varying levels of development up to analogous to those of mammals Mammals are a class of vertebrate, air-breathing animals whose females are characterized by the possession of mammary glands while both males and females are characterized by hair and/or fur, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Some mammals have sweat glands, but most do not, with some providing initial care for their hatchlings. Extant reptiles range in size from a tiny gecko, Sphaerodactylus ariasae Sphaerodactylus ariasae, the Jaragua Sphaero or dwarf gecko, is a very small Gekkonidae species in the Sphaerodactylus genus. It is one of the world's two smallest known reptiles . The Jaragua Sphaero measures 16-18 mm from the snout to the base of the tail and can fit on a US 25-cent coin. Its range is believed to be limited to Jaragua National, that grows to only 1.6 cm (0.6 in) to the saltwater crocodile The saltwater or estuarine crocodile is the largest of all living reptiles. It is found in suitable habitats in Northern Australia, the eastern coast of India and parts of Southeast Asia, Crocodylus porosus, that may reach 6 m in length and weigh over 1,000 kg. The science dealing with reptiles is called herpetology Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians and of reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras).

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